How Domestic Violence Affects Children free essay sample

Violence Affects Children It has been well documented that children exposed to domestic violence suffer many forms of trauma, particularly children who witness violence inflicted by one parent on the other parent. To begin, Domestic Violence is typically not about one incident of actual violence but a sustained pattern of abusive behaviors and attitudes that may escalate over time. Threatening words and gestures become part of a pervasive atmosphere of fear. The intimidation is frequently life threatening. (Groves 2006) It is called domestic because it involves a family, a home or household, or a partner. It could be any member of the family or household that is practicing the violent behavior. Either way, the children involved will be extremely affected. It is widely assumed that if a child is very young they will not remember any violence they experienced at this age. It is believed that time will erase the memories, if the child is under a certain age. We will write a custom essay sample on How Domestic Violence Affects Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is the reason that in the past most of the research done about domestic violence and juveniles refer to older children. However, in research done in the past few years, infants and toddlers have shown signs that they are affected by being exposed to violence as much as older children. Violence knows no class, ethnic, race, age, or geographic boundaries so it does not discriminate against which child it will affect. (Groves, 2006) Furthermore, juveniles in violent homes have been called the â€Å"forgotten,† â€Å"unacknowledged,† â€Å"hidden,† â€Å"unintended,† and â€Å"silent† victims. They have received insufficient attention for far too long. There is a growing recognition that living with or growing up in an atmosphere of domestic violence can have detrimental effects on the juveniles concerned. Said juveniles will exhibit more adjustment difficulties’ than juveniles from non-violent homes. Radford, 2008) Domestic Violence can affect development and lead to emotional, social, physical, behavioral problems, and criminal conduct in the juveniles exposed. Now to take a closer look at how Domestic Violence may affect children in each of the aforementioned areas, how the community and police are involved, and conclude wi th some ideas on how to help repair the damage done. First we will start with physical problems that can arise in children from exposure to domestic violence. Physical problems caused by Domestic Violence can start as early as birth with some juveniles. One might ask, â€Å"How could that be possible? Well it is possible if a woman is being battered while she is pregnant. These attacks represent a form of ‘double intentioned violence’ as they incorporate both acts of woman abuse and child abuse. (Kelly, 1994) The abuse could cause developmental problems with the fetus. The baby could be born with birth defects or distress due to abuse. Domestic Violence is a risk factor for preterm delivery and low birth weight in infants. (Fernandez amp; Krueger, 1999) There are a plethora of issues that can come from having a baby prematurely, including low birth weight, underdeveloped organs, and death. At the same time, infants, toddlers and adolescents can also develop physical problems from domestic violence. Some children cope with their circumstances by not eating or over eating. This can cause major issues with their physical health. For example, the child could develop Juvenile Diabetes or they could begin to suffer from malnutrition. It is also possible that these juveniles may turn to hurting themselves or participating in dangerous play. An example of this would be playing with knives or matches and/or cutting or burning themselves. Doing these things could be an outlet the juvenile uses to cope. Self mutilation is a growing trend among trouble kids. There are more and more cases developing every day. (Fowler and Hilsenroth, 1999) Another angle to look at, concerning the physical problems with juveniles exposed to domestic violence, is if the juveniles are also being battered. If this is the case then the same person that is battering a parent will more than likely be the one that batters the child. Imagine the hurt and shame a child would feel that is being beaten. Confusion as to why this is happening would probably be at the front of the child’s mind. They don’t know that the domestic violence perpetrator may abuse the child as part of their violence against their partner or to control him or her. (Radford amp; Hester, 2006) This could prove to be fatal for the child. One factor that has been found to be closely related to juvenile aggression is the quality of the interactions among family members. Research indicates that violent interactions within the family encourage subsequent aggression and violence, not only within the family, but also in other social contexts. (Elrod amp; Ryder, 2011) Next to be discussed are the emotional problems that domestic violence can create. Many juveniles will blame themselves for what is happening in their home. They believe that if they somehow could just act a little better or be a little more helpful, everything will get better. They feel guilty that they can’t protect the battered parent. They are very disturbed by the conflict of love and hate that they feel toward the parent that is battering. They deal with constant sadness and feelings that they are unworthy. These children are very cautious and worried because they don’t know when the next act of violence will occur. Exposed children may become nervous, and fidgety. Sensitiveness to noise and elevated talking levels is another possibility. (Groves, 2002) There is nothing they can do to stop or calm the situation. Crying is a frequent and almost involuntary action when the violence is taking place. Feelings of anxiousness are not far behind. Also, the worry of friends finding out what is happening at home looms over them. Then, juveniles can become socially affected by domestic violence. Some juveniles hold in their feelings and they are consumed from the inside out with grief and sorrow for their family or situation. Juveniles involved in domestic violence may allow others to harm them or take advantage of them for fear of confrontation. Some will have problems believing in themselves or others. Some juveniles become withdrawn and depressed. They don’t feel worthy of being around others or having a good time. Others, will desire to get as far away as possible. The desire to go places and spend time at other people’s houses may become intense. Spending as much time as possible away from home is how some juveniles deal with the pressure. Being around â€Å"normal† families and households becomes a life force. They don’t easily make friends because they are ashamed and would not want anyone coming to their house. Simultaneously, while all of that is happening, changes to the juvenile’s behavior are slowly taking place. A lot of juveniles actually become violent themselves. They lash out at other children. Throwing tantrums may also happen. Violence is how the juvenile may feel that everything needs to happen. They feel that if the family abuser used this method to gain control, then it is a feasible way for them to get the same effect. Exposed juveniles could possibly become bullies or will not participate in anything. They become problems for their teachers and other students. They disrupt class and are labeled as juvenile delinquents. In some cases this makes the juvenile feel alone and in search of belonging. This opens the door for gangs and criminal activity. To some youth, gangs feel more like a family than their own. They feel as if they belong to something. The criminal activity that they engage in gets attention and praise from the gang members, which in turn makes the juvenile feel wanted. For many youths, gangs hold the promise of economic and social opportunities. (Elrod amp; Ryder, 2011) These juveniles then become a problem for the police and the community, recklessly committing crimes and becoming public nuisances. Once in the gang it is hard for them to get out. How could this have possibly be avoided? What could the parents, police, and community have done to alter this outcome? The first thought is that the abused parent should have removed him/her self from the environment. This is easier said than done in most cases. Juveniles are all too frequently exposed to domestic violence. Early intervention can be a powerful tool in helping these vulnerable children put their lives back together and breaking the cycle of violence. Since police are the first to respond, when they see that a juvenile is involved, they should contact Child Protective Services or a Social Services worker. Traditional policing practices are generally focused upon apprehending and gathering evidence on perpetrators and have overlooked the service needs of these children. In contrast, the philosophy of community oriented policing is consistent with looking beyond investigation and arrest and including law enforcement in serving the needs of citizens. However, police alone cannot help these juveniles. In a number of community oriented policing departments around the country, law enforcement has partnered with community service providers to identify and help children exposed to domestic violence. (ABA Report, 2002) After someone intervenes and provides assistance, follow-ups must be done to assure that the child’s needs are being met. As far as the community and school systems are concerned, if there is cause for concern it must be acted on. It is better safe than sorry. If one hears or see a child being abused, the police or CPS should be called. In school, it is the staff’s responsibility to notify someone if a child is always hungry, dirty, or bruised. Also, if they are constantly having accidents this is a sign. The school counselor should be asked to step in and speak with the child to assess the situation. Again, after the initial step in, some follow-up must be done. With all this in mind what should be done to help the juvenile bounce back from all the pain and confusion of domestic violence. Counseling would be the first step in helping the child to heal. They need to talk with someone who they feel they can open up to.

Dead Mens path Essays

Dead Mens path Essays Dead Mens path Paper Dead Mens path Paper In China Achebes story Dead mens Path conflict occurs between religious beliefs and modern beliefs. Obi fail to achieve his goal because he didnt respect villagers beliefs. Obi did not believe in villagers traditions he tried to stop and which resulted into a conflict between villagers and Obi. Obi believes that path is the change that has to be done. Respect others beliefs and traditions and dont force a change. This short story starts off with Michael Obi being appointed to become a headmaster for Undue Central School. It was a challenge because the school had always been unprepossessing. Michael Obi had a passion for modern methods. One day Michael Obi saw a lady from the village walk right across the school compound when he sees that he tells a teacher It amazes me that you people allowed the villagers make use of this footpath the teacher replies the path appears to be very important to them and it connects the village shrine with their place of burial. The head master Obi closes the path because of what the Government Education Officer might say. Mr.. Obi tempts to take a big part of villagers beliefs. Once Mr.. Obi takes away the path the religion strikes at him by showing some kind of karma (the lady giving birth dies). Mr.. Obi is ignorant in the others beliefs, he Is highly educated so hes arrogant about what he believe, he believes he knows more than the villagers. Obi also believed everyone should live in a modern way, he never considered that villagers wished to live as their ancestors did. Obi ended up failing his goal to change the school, the Government Education Officer didnt like what he had done to the school. The villagers had also torn the place apart so It looked even worse than before. Obi ended up losing his Job. Villagers choose to stand up for their traditions than to become modernized. In my story ending Obi gave up on the village, he was naive; he could not understand the connection between the villagers and the path. He was too modernized. The villagers did fight back when Blob first tried to take the path from them. It caused a huge conflict where he almost lost his wife. Obi knew the villagers didnt want to change their traditions and they were going to fight for what they lived In so he let It be. He Just quit the Job and moved on. You cant always have It your way Is the theme to my story ending. Dead Mens path By Monkeys dies). Mr.. Obi is ignorant in the others beliefs, he is highly educated so hes arrogant The villagers had also torn the place apart so it looked even worse than before. Obi modernized. The villagers did fight back when Obi first tried to take the path from believed in so he let it be. He Just quit the Job and moved on. You cant always have it your way is the theme to my story ending.

The American Public is deeply divided on a range of social, economic, Essay

The American Public is deeply divided on a range of social, economic, and political issues - Essay Example Another issue that is depicted in American society is the fact that the public is divided can be brilliantly depicted through the issue of homosexuality. Many Americans feel that gay marriages should not be approved. However, many feel that with society progressing, homosexual marriages should be upheld and should be treated as a typical marriage between a man and wife. Political The second reason why this statement is true is due to the fact that American politics is because of the fact that America is a â€Å"melting pot.† The reason why Americans differ in these issues within is because of the wide array of backgrounds, cultures, and adversities that Americans have faced. Thus, diversity is the main factor that serves as a catalyst for this division. For instance, the clash between political groups is a consistent testament of this issue. Democrats and Republicans as fueled by American opinions represent the two sides of how a government should operate. Politics in public A merican policy represent the two egos of the American public. The initiation of political parties can be traced be back during the 1824 era in which the Republican Party was formed. On one side, the Democrats, who are in the liberating front and continue to call for social progress and challenge the status quo through taxation and more government involvement. Consequently, the Republican Party tends to oppose reform by propagation for status quo. These two major parties have dominated the American politics since many decades. Undoubtedly, the ideological polarization has increased throughout American society not only amongst individuals, but also amongst government officials. Political parties are groups of individuals that collaborate for the purpose of choosing public candidate in public office. Although the constitution mentions nothing about parties, the Americans have solidified their difference through the channels of political parties. Moreover, the organization of the struct ure contains no specifications of party formations. As a matter of fact, George Washington, in his farewell addressed American citizens as he states, â€Å"However [political parties] may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely in the course of time and things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the reins of government, destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion.† Clearly, the American nation should have foreseen this warning that created an internal clash of conflicts within the nation. Economical Another key testament that the American public is divided into majority of the issues is due to the legislation that is enacted on a regular day basis on an economical basis. Interest groups are so dominant in American society for both sides of the issues that it creates an environment of division within the public. For instance, economic Interest groups dictate the legislation. The U.S Chamber of Commerce and the National Association of Manufacturers dominate the lobbying sphere by influencing congress to lower tariffs, assist corporations through tax breaks, and induce the concept of laissez-faire. Trade associations along with labor movements dominate the entire industry that influences legislation.

Law Enforcement Response to School Violence Essay

Law Enforcement Response to School Violence - Essay Example This includes elementary school, colleges and even universities. This means that the child is prone to violence in school regardless of which level of education he is at. Some people view this phenomenon as a manifestation of the failing standards of the public health. It is a form of antisocial behaviors that could have originated earlier in the life of the child. It continues to young adulthood. School violence takes place when the youth, or the child, takes these anti social behaviors to the school. It comes in many forms. The child may bully his school mates. He might use physical violence and even weapons on his victims. The child in school can be the perpetrator or the victim of this act. He may also be a mere victim. Whichever way you look at it, the child is the most affected by school violence. School violence has many effects. It can result to death or even persisting effects like trauma. That is the reason why society has always tended to respond to this phenomenon. One such kind of response is the application of law enforcing techniques. This is mainly by the authorities concerned, may it be the school or police authorities. There are various ways to determine whether violence is school based or not. It has to meet certain thresholds for it to be labeled school violence. It has to occur on the school property (Guthner, 2002). Alternatively, it could have occurred on the way to the learning institution. When it takes place on the way to or from a school sponsored occasion, it can also be called school violence (Malinowski, 2003). In looking at the law enforcement response to school violence, we will look at how they respond to both the victim and the perpetrator. The school administration is the first line of response to school based violence (Kimberly, 2004). This involves the teachers and the school security apparatus. Remember that school violence can be perpetrated by the students or from an outsider to the school. Then the other fall back is the law administrators. There are various ways to respond to this form of violence. There is the strategy that is used when the violence has already taken place. This is called the intervention strategy. 0It includes evacuation of the victim. The victim of violence is taken to a medical facility. This is if he had acquired injuries (Russell, 2005). The school should be having a medical facility on the property. This is a dispensary or a school based health provider. This goes a long way to save the life of the victim. Arrangements could be made to take the victim to a professional doctor using ambulance or any other form of school transport. Counseling is very important if there is evidence that the victim could have experienced psychological problems. The perpetrator is then taken by the school administration for interrogation. It is the responsibility of the administration to find out why the perpetrator resorted to violence. If he is a student, counseling or expulsion from the school are some of the strategies employed by the school administration. He is apprehen ded by the school administration if he is from outside the school. Another response is to prevent the occurrence of the violence (Tonkin, 2006). This includes the process of identifying sources of threats and neutralizing them. The law enforcers should be

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Business ethics - Essay Example The latter was a conspiracy to fix price but against which Virgin Atlantic blew an early whistle to stop prematurely. As one will notice, airline industry is full of stiff competition that takes all forms of unethical practices despite heavy fines that perpetrators are usually aware of (Fisman et al., 2005, p. 56). Ethical theories have majorly made general observations that the foundation of ethics is motivate by human desire to do good. It is a desire to good in the sense that the wish and the necessary action to accompany the wish are not usually mutually inclusive. Ethics therefore comes out as a concern on the way in which people apply moral principles to life. In other words, ethics is concerned with what s just, fair or acceptable by applying the fundamental that guide societal values. Business ethics is therefore guidelines that come out of concerns on how best a firm should relate with the society in a manner likely to promote the principles of justice and responsibility. Justice and responsibility come in the sense that business as a legal entity in its name or in the shareholders name, has a duty to make sure that its pursuit for profits is not motivated greed (Bob, 2006, p. 23). Business ethics therefore act to ensure that elements in business external environment are used in a manner likely to sustain their continued existence without any harm. Such a duty involves having to care for the environment and the community in which the business interacts with in the course of its daily activities. One should also note that business ethics also guide how a business firm will operate internally. In short, ethics in business is about applying all the values, principles, and regulations with the aim of being responsible to the welfare of the public (Hsieh, 2009, p.259). Business ethics is important majorly because it offers guidelines on how best

Economic and monetary union

Economic and monetary union Identify and discuss the costs and benefits of joining the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)? Do the benefits outweigh the costs? Thesis Statement The Economic Monetary Union has been the centre of prolonged debates as to whether a country joining it will either create benefits or drawbacks. During the course of this analytical report, both costs and benefits will be identified and explained in order to judicate the feasibility of joining the EMU and a specific country will be chosen to illustrate this further. Introduction To understand the concept behind the creation of the Economic Monetary Union, the overall objective of the European Union must firstly be understood. Since the end of the World War II, European political forces have been attempting to unite forces in order to escape the extreme forces of nationalism which were seen as unsustainable. Industries were evolving and beginning to compete globally, international trade throughout the globe expanded at an exponential rate and some felt it had to be regulated in order to maximise the gains achievabe. As a result, the European Union was set up in 1993 with X. Its primary principles are of a single market with no barriers to trade in goods and services or to capital and labour movements, competition and social policies, co-ordinated macroeconomic policy and a harmonised fiscal policy. In order to regulate these aspects effectively the EU set up a body named the Economic Monetary Union. This was seen as potentially a contender to the widely trade d and valued US dollar and as the solution to deepening the integration of the European Union. The EMU is characterised by the following policies, policy harmonisation to remove barriers to improve mobility, a common monetary policy which states there is one interest rate and exchange rate policy determined by the Central Bank, fixed exchange rates via the single currency and the pooling of foreign exchange reserves. The evolution of the EMU began in the late 1980s and was characterised by three stages set out by the Delors Report in 1993. The first stage was devoted to ensuring all member states participation in the Exchange Rate Mechanism and improved policy co-ordination and the removal of barriers to capital flows. The second stage consisted of the creation of the European Monetary Institute (EMI) and central banks becoming independent from their national governments (January 1994). Finally the last stage involved fixing the participating currencies and creating the European System of Central Banks which takes over the responsibility for monetary and exchange rate policies and finally the Stability and Growth pact came into force by January of 1999 to ensure member states that do not comply to the EMU principles are fined or sanctioned. During this evolution in 1992 twelve countries signed the Maastricht Treaty, which fundamentally was the root of the introduction of the Euro. During 1992 and 1997 the convergence criteria was set out which stated that in order for a country to join it must have a low and stable inflation, stable exchange rates and stable public finances and by 1999 the countries officially joined the EMU. However as the Euro could not be introduced overnight, there was a transition period in order to allow the member states to adapt to the new currency and after three years, by 2002, the euro was officially the single currency for all European union member states. Initially the transition period was considered a triumph by European Union members, but as individuals (mainly economists) observed the evolution, many critics are still debating whether joining the EMU and endorsing the euro brings success or just adds to the ever amounting issues each member states are already experiencing. This topic will be thoroughly explored throughout the course of this analytical report and a balanced argument will be drawn from the information available as to whether the EMU carries with it primarily, benefits or costs to a member state joining. The Economic Monetary Union is considered to be one of the major steps in integrating a before divided Europe, as people and businesses could begin moving and trading freely as trade barriers were removed, the currency becomes more stable, financial markets are integrated, the cost of exchanging currencies was eliminated, transaction costs reduced and theoretically increased competition between countries which is a driving factor in keeping prices low and productivity high which is both favourable for consumers and businesses. These benefits must be more deeply explored in order to comprehend the extent to which they have aided success or deepened the intricate network in Europe. The success of the EMU has been difficult to quantify as its revolutionary principles have only been recently enforced, however the theoretical benefits are supposed to be more easily identifiable in the long run as more member states join and European integration is extended to particularly the eastern European community. Debra Johnson and Colin Turner state that one of the major benefits, the elimination of transaction costs in intra-EU trade, have only saved 0.5% of the EUs GDP and that SMEs which predominantly serve local markets, will not benefit extensively from this. However as successful SMEs usually have high exports they can expect a favourable return from the introduction of the Euro. The EMU is also responsible for the lowering of interest rates. Various studies suggest that decentralised fiscal policies cause a bias in inflation and public spending (Sibert 1992, Levine 1993, and Levine and Brociner 1994) and therefore are in favour of the co-ordinated fiscal policies in a monetary union. The single European market can bring numerous benefits to a joining country such as the price transparency. It is still considered too early to quantify precisely the degree to which it has helped and many argue that the EMU must speed up the price convergence through enabling consumers to compare prices across member states more easily. This in turn could facilitate a lowering or raising in in labour costs and could change supply patterns resulting in a more stabilised and fair souricng of resources for firms and possibly improve equality throughtout the European union. These benefits are possibly achievable but have not yet been completely achieved as these processes take time and co-operation and some believe these are not present in todays European society as the recession has caused political and financial instability. The EMU has the potential to create extraordinary gains for the member states but these will not be visible or quantifiable in the near future as it is a timely process of evolution, this therefore poses a risk of not only time consumption but also of resources both nationally and individually and along with the few drawbacks of joining the EMU, critics believe the EMU is not the optimum choice for certain countries in Europe. The drawbacks of joining the EMU are considered to not outweigh the benefits by the majority of observers but still must be considered thoroughly before joining a revolutionary body which causes a country to enter a short-term of deflation, the loss of the exchange rate tool which is considered a tool of national economic policy, the potential problems related to a lack of ‘real convergence and potential policy conflicts and finally the inappropriateness of one monetary policy for many states. These will be analysed and explored in order to conclude whether these outweigh the benefits even considering the majority of parties disagree. The main risk of joining the EMU is the differences in trade cycles between countries, this is one of the core reasons as to why the UK is yet to join. European countries have differing economic statuses and languages, which fundamentally are essential in permitting countries to maximise the gains achievable from a single currency. It is therefore argued that more attention needs to be given to how economies can enhance their factor mobility to balance out the differences found in differing countries. Cohesion funds are the possible solution to the problem but today there are still great differences across the member states in terms of economic performance and labour mobility. This raises the legitimate question whether one monetary policy can fit all member states. The globe today is experiencing an economic recession which is highlighted one of the major issues with joiing the Economic Monetary Union as governments from member states are obliged through the stability and growth pact to keep to the Maastricht criteria meaning they cannot regulate or alter fiscal and monetary policies in order to alleviate the problems arising from a receeding economy. Countries would not be able to devalue to boost exports, to borrow more to boost job creation or to decrease taxes because of the public deficit criterion. The most debated issue with joining the economic monetary union is the loss of national sovereignty. This would result in more established and developed states having to co-operate with the less stable and strong economic countries which are more tolerant to higher infation rates. Finally, the last drawback of joining the EMU is the initial cost of introducing the single currency. This issue is mainly debated in the UK as the British Retailing Consortium estimated that British retailers will have to pay between  £1.7 billion and  £3.5 billion in order for the Euro to be introduced. However it is argued that the one off cost does not outweigh the long-term benefits obtainable from the policies and regulation and that if more countries join the EMU these benefits will be amplified even further. Robert Mundell and Abba Lerner(1960s) believed in a currency area. This is a group of countries that maintain their separate currencies but fix the exchange rates between themselves permanently (Nello, 2009:205). The optimal currency region (OCR) is the idealistic view that an entire region sharing a single currency can benefit extensively the efficiency of the member states economies. It states the optimal characteristics needed for a successful economic integration to occur. These are optimal labour mobility across the region, openness with capital mobility and price and wage flexibility across the region and an automatic fiscal transfer mechanism to redistribute money to areas/sectors which have been negatively affected by the first two characteristics. Supportive Evidence The UK has the worlds fourth largest economy and the EUs second largest and is consequently one of the primary targets of speculation as to whether the benefits outweigh the costs of joining the EMU. In 1999, The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown said that although the government supported the principle of a single currency, Britain would not join. This decision was based on various factors that could have caused rifts in the country. In terms of trade it was seens as unfeasible to join because the UK has the lowest level of intra-EU trade and therefore is more vulnerable to fluctuations in external countries. The UK is vulnerable compared to the rest of the EU counties to potential unfavourable interest rates set by the Central Bank because it has one of the highest percentages of home owners potentially leaving British mortgage holders in a state of crisis. Another characteristic that lead the UK to not favour the joining of the EMU is its position as an oil producer and ex porter meaning it is harshly affected by changes in oil prices, however as the quantity of oil diminuishes at an ever expanding rate and the gradual transition to more sustainable energy resources means that this is not as important as it was when the EMU was introduced a decage ago. These issues are feasible arguments to the absence of the UK in joining the EMU however as the countries that have joined the EMU continue to attract foreign direct investments, the UK has been threatened by foreign investors that the Eurozone is becoming a more attractive zone to trade with because of its increased stability. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development released information on the World Investment Report in the form of a bar graph clearly illustrating the downward trend of inward FDI of the UK compared to the general upward trend of the countries with the EMU. As clearly illustrated by figure 1.0, the UK continued to attract FDI from 1992 until 2000, where it increased five-fold from 20 billion in 1992-1997 to almost 120 billion U.S dollars in 2000. However by 2003 this figure drastically fell to below 20 billion, which was less that it was almost ten years before. Whilst France, Netherlands, Spain and Ireland all either increased or stabilised by 2000 and resumed until 2003. This is further evidence that the UK should consider joining the EMU, in order to guarantee long-term success. As more countries join, currently 26 today, the EMU is ever closer to achieving an optimal currency area (Mundell, 1973) creating, idealistically speaking, a perfectly harmonized economy and resulting in countries flourishing. Conclusion In a perfect world, the EMUs potential benefits would be endless but due to unforeseeable fluctuations in economies, labour mobility, and personal matters it is difficult to quantify the benefits and costs of joining the EMU. Especially with the recent economic downturn the risk of joining the EMU has been even more re-considered by certain countries especially the U.K. However these drawbacks are limited and do not outweigh the vast benefits achievable from embracing a single currency and single European market as it would guarantee to a certain extent the long-term success of a country as harmonization and stabilisation will cause consumers to be given better prices and businesses to trade more efficiently creating a, arguably, more competent country. Establishment of the Maastricht Treaty which was signed by twelve countries in 1992, which set out the convergence criteria, ultimat The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 established a single currency, the euro, and on January 1st 2002, the EMU began using the euro.The EMU was created in 1992 It has stringent conditions and objectives which countries have to meet via signing the Maastricht Treaty. With joining the EMU, the euro must be endorsed and therefore the monetary policies become the responsibility of the European Central Bank and national central banks of member states. Essentially they are co-ordinating the monetary and fiscal aspects of the member countries. Sovereignty

Role of Women in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Huckleberry Finn – Role of Women Throughout history women have been subject to sexual discrimination based on being the physically weaker gender and thus leading to society's negative view of women, there is no exception to the stigma cast on women in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. During the novel every character portraying a woman shows society's view on the role on women. The issue of sexism was never questioned by Mark Twain, which leads to another question--- how can such a powerful novel dealing with such a heated topic like racial prejudices remain totally neutral and bypass altogether sexual inequality? One reason Twain may have overlooked the sexism of the time was because he too gave into society's connotation of women's roles. Olivia Clemens, his wife, was very much like Sally Phelps. She was dependent on her husband and served with no other true purpose in life than to run a house and bear children. But, did Twain look over sexism or support it? He may have had issues with women due to his own marriage. His wife never produced a healthy son, and she was always sickly. The dependent Olivia was even thought to hinder his ability as a writer. So were the roles of women purposely placed in the novel to support his own opinions of women in the home? Miss Watson plays into society's rules and regulations. "Miss Watson, a tolerable slim old maid, with goggles on, had just come to live with her, and took a set at me now, with a spelling book. She worked on me middling hard for about an hour, then the wido made her ease up. I couldn't stood her much longer." (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain, page 2) The word spinster came into common use during the early 19th century when the thankless task of spinning cloth had been pushed off to unmarried women as a way to earn their keep in the home (O'Brien, 1973). Miss Watson is the image of everything an old maid stands for. Contemporary use of the word conjures up a mental image of a childless, frumpy, middle-aged woman who is somewhat depressed, and is longing to be like other "normal" women.

Zara Project

Product classification of Zara †¢ Most clothing are classified as an â€Å"durable good† as they are used up slowly, †¢ Clothing doesn’t need to be disposed of after being worn once, but rather could be cleaned and reword until a tear within the seams or a stain kills it, or ultimately it goes out of style [pic] Product Lifecycle Due to the clothing industry is mainly backed behind by what is â€Å"cool† or â€Å"hip† to date, clothing often needs to refresh its look in order to attract customers to purchase the product †¢ Many clothing brands including Zara would refresh its new look to attract customers by refreshing its line of clothing such as push out new garments that have a certain style that was popular at the time and this process of refreshing a line of clothing is never stopping Branding †¢ Zara uses an â€Å"one brand name everywhere† concept †¢ No matter within which country it possess the name in Zara †¢ T he brand â€Å"Zara† is recognized in over 1700 stores in 89 countriesPackaging †¢ Within most clothing store like Zara, packaging is basically non-existent †¢ The lack of packaging is due to the company wanting the customers to be able to feel the material used for the product and able to try it on †¢ If both the material and style is favourable to the customer, there is a higher chance of a transaction being made http://marketingmixx. com/marketing-plan-2/200-marketing-plan-of-zara. html http://www. slideshare. net/gunbal/zara-7936993 http://www. forbes. com/sites/lydiadishman/2012/03/23/the-strategic-retail-genius-behind-zara/ http://blogs. ubc. ca/conradchan/2011/09/16/zaras-marketing-strategy/

President James Monroe Fast Facts

President James Monroe Fast Facts James Monroe (1758-1831) was a true American Revolution hero. He was also a staunch anti-federalist. He was the only person to have served as the Secretary of State and War at the same time. He easily won the election of 1816 with 84% of the electoral vote. Finally, his name is forever immortalized in Americas foundational foreign policy code: The Monroe Doctrine.   Following is a quick list of fast facts for James Monroe.For more in depth information, you can also read the: James Monroe Biography Birth: April 28, 1758 Death: July 4, 1831 Term of Office: March 4, 1817-March 3, 1825 Number of Terms Elected: 2 Terms First Lady: Elizabeth Kortright James Monroe Quote: The American continents . . . are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. - From the Monroe DoctrineAdditional James Monroe Quotes Major Events While in Office: First Seminole War (1817-1818)Convention of 1818 (1818)Florida purchased from Spain - Adams-Onà ­s Treaty(1819) Missouri Compromise (1820)Cumberland Road Bill (1822) Monroe Doctrine (1823) States Entering Union While in Office: Mississippi (1817)Illinois (1818)Alabama (1818)Maine (1820)Missouri (1821) Related James Monroe Resources: These additional resources on James Monroe can provide you with further information about the president and his times. James Monroe BiographyTake a more in depth look at the fifth president of the United States through this biography. Youll learn about his childhood, family, early career, and the major events of his administration. War of 1812 ResourcesThe fledgling United States needed to flex its muscle one more time to convince Great Britain it was truly independent. Read about the people, places, battles, and events that proved to the world America was here to stay. War of 1812 TimelineThis timeline focuses on the events of the War of 1812. Revolutionary WarThe debate over the Revolutionary War as a true revolution will not be resolved. However, without this struggle America might still be part of the British Empire. Find out about the people, places, and events that shaped the revolution. Chart of Presidents and Vice PresidentsThis informative chart gives quick reference information on the Presidents, Vice-Presidents, their terms of office, and their political parties. Other Presidential Fast Facts: James MadisonJohn Quincy AdamsList of American Presidents

Get Dissertation Help

Get Dissertation Help Get Dissertation Help How to Get Dissertation HelpWhen students set to writing a dissertation, they may get lost because this kind of work is practically unknown to them. They may feel helpless because they may not see, for example, the difference between essay and dissertation. While writing a dissertation many problems may arise, such as, for example, inability to manage ones time in a proper way. So in this paper you will find some useful tips on where you can look for dissertation help.Primarily, the first person to address is your supervisor. He or she will assist you during your work on your dissertation, so do not hesitate and ask your tutor when any questions arise. Dissertation help, provided by your supervisor, can include the following:assistance in choosing a topic, which will be interesting for you;planning interim deadlines of the work;creating a plan of work for you to meet the final deadline;monitoring your progress etc.It would be good if you could access the past dissertations, similar to the kind you are asked to write. They can be a useful source of dissertation help, because from them you can learn about the structure, size and methodology used.Your fellow students can provide you with some dissertation help too. They may not know the subject of your dissertation, but discussing your work with them you can evaluate your progress and check if your way of thinking is right. Discussing your dissertation with other students may be of great help too, because due to sharing your ideas with your friends you can assess your progress in comparison with others. And, which is also very important, sharing your thoughts and ideas about your dissertation will make you more confident.The last but, not the least source of dissertation help is internet, of course. In educational sites you will find some useful tips on how to manage your time, plan your work, what methods are preferable considering your topic etc. To sum it up, keep in mind that, though all kinds of dissertatio n help may be very useful, dissertation is an individual kind of work, showing your knowledge, abilities and talents. Of course, in your search for dissertation help keep in mind that there are always limits to any assistance. So try to do your best and make it as independently as possible, than working on your dissertation will surely become an exciting experience of your students life.

What Companies Can Learn From The Enron Case and The Impact of the Essay

What Companies Can Learn From The Enron Case and The Impact of the Enron Case - Essay Example The corporation was formed with the merger between two natural gas pipeline corporations, namely Houstan Natural Gas and Internorth Inc. After the merger, the position and corporate image of Enron Corporation improved by a large extent thereby enhancing its productivity and profitability among others in the market of the US. In the year 1989, Enron Corporation became one of the largest gas suppliers of the United States and United Kingdom (UK) with approximately sixty thousand kilometers of gas pipelines (American-Business, 2011). The prime objective of Enron Corporation was to position itself as an inventive as well as a prominent leader in the sector of natural gas of the US. Apart from these, Enron also extended its services in other sectors namely water, fiber optics, newsprint and telecommunications among others. Enron Corporation was quite succesful in its business operations, as its revenue enhanced approximately from US$ 9 billion in the year of 1995 to about US$ 101 billion in 2000 (Dharan & Bufkins, n.d.). It was as a result of enormous international and domestic expansions but the entire amount was cloaked from the shareholders through affiliations with other concerns (Drennan, 2008). Unfortunately, the brand image of Enron Corporation declined due to planned book-keeping fraud known as ‘Enron scandal’and illegal loans. ... It may include prevarication or alterations of accounting records in order to attain an illegal financial benefit. Thus, it can be clearly revealed that it is an example of corporate internal fraud as the board members and management of the organisation were entirely involved in this case of conspiracy (Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, 2009). This type of fraud not only hampers organisational distinctiveness but also its culture, employees, ‘corporate social responsibilities’ and ethics. Hence, it can be affirmed that if the pillars of the busuiness are affected then it can not sustain in the long run among others in the market. Thus, it proved rather detrimental for Enron Corporation thereby fading its name from the market of the US. Fraud Conducted in Enron Enron Corporation was regarded as one of the fastest emerging and best controlled business organisations in the market of the US, but it could not retain its corporate image for the long run. The prime reason was due to the accounting scandal which resulted at the end of the year 2001. It was finally revealed that the fraud resulted in deterioration of its financial situations bringing about downfall of position and reliability among others in the market of the US. As a result, customer loyalty as well as market share was also affected to a large extent (IWS, 2002). Due to varied financial discrepancies, Enron Corporation finally filed a bankruptcy case on 2nd December in the year 2001. The prime suspects of Enron’s internal fraud were namely Kenneth Lay, Andrew Faston, Michael Kopper, Jeffrey Skilling, J. Clifford Baxter and Arthur Andersen, among which most of them were the directors of the organisation (Drennan, 2008). The fraud resulted due to the

Cystic fibrosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cystic fibrosis - Essay Example It is possible that several hundred different mutations of the gene exist than can cause cystic fibrosis. The gene was discovered in 1989. The underlying defect stems from a mutation in a gene on the long arm (q) of chromosome 7. The protein product acts as a chloride channel. It is called the cystic fibrosis trans membrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This controls the cellular transport of sodium chloride and water. It is inherited and is a recessive gene. Some may be unique to certain families so testing of families in which the disease is present may yield results that will help to determine the specific mutation. People having this disease in the past were not expected to live long enough to reach adulthood but improved diagnoses and treatment now allows them to live even beyond fifty years of age. The usual form of death is from respiratory failure. In normal people chloride the chloride and sodium that is presented in sweat are reabsorbed by epithelial cells in the sweat dust as the sweat finds its way to the surface of the skin. In people with cystic fibrosis the defective gene inhibits the reabsorbing of chloride and sodium ions resulting in an excess of sodium chloride or very salty sweat. In normal people, the function of respiratory tract epithelial cells is to transport chloride ions into the lumen thereby maintaining the adequate hydration of mucus. In the respiratory tract of persons with cystic fibrosis there is a reduction of the secretion of sodium ions and water caused from the inability of epithelial cell membranes to influence the hydration of mucus. Consequently the mucus becomes very thick. This mucus affects the clearance of irritation and micro-organisms from the lungs. The following events occur in the lungs. Genetic testing is now available. Cells are collected from inside the cheek of patients and then examined for the